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   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x22-58000"></a>Chapter V&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Vectors</h2>
<!--l. 340--><p class="noindent"><a 
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</p><!--l. 10--><p class="indent">   We have worked extensively in the last chapter with matrices, and some
with vectors. In this chapter we will develop the properties of vectors,
while preparing to study vector spaces. Initially we will depart from our
study of systems of linear equations, but in <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#section.LC">Section&#x00A0;LC</a> we will forge a
connection between linear combinations and systems of linear equations in
<a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#theorem.SLSLC">Theorem&#x00A0;SLSLC</a>. This connection will allow us to understand systems of
linear equations at a higher level, while consequently discussing them less
frequently.
</p>
   <div class="likesectionTOCS">
   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li22.xml#x23-59000">Section VO Vector Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li22.xml#x23-60000" id="QQ2-23-60">Subsection VEASM: Vector Equality, Addition, Scalar Multiplication</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li22.xml#x23-61000" id="QQ2-23-61">Subsection VSP: Vector Space Properties</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li22.xml#x23-62000" id="QQ2-23-62">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li22.xml#x23-63000" id="QQ2-23-63">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li22.xml#x23-64000" id="QQ2-23-64">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-65000">Section LC Linear Combinations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-66000" id="QQ2-24-66">Subsection LC: Linear Combinations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-67000" id="QQ2-24-67">Subsection VFSS: Vector Form of Solution Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-68000" id="QQ2-24-68">Subsection PSHS: Particular Solutions, Homogeneous Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-69000" id="QQ2-24-69">Subsection URREF: Uniqueness of Reduced Row-Echelon Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-70000" id="QQ2-24-70">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-71000" id="QQ2-24-71">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li23.xml#x24-72000" id="QQ2-24-72">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li24.xml#x25-73000">Section SS Spanning Sets</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li24.xml#x25-74000" id="QQ2-25-74">Subsection SSV: Span of a Set of Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li24.xml#x25-75000" id="QQ2-25-75">Subsection SSNS: Spanning Sets of Null Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li24.xml#x25-76000" id="QQ2-25-76">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li24.xml#x25-77000" id="QQ2-25-77">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li24.xml#x25-78000" id="QQ2-25-78">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-79000">Section LI Linear Independence</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-80000" id="QQ2-26-80">Subsection LISV: Linearly Independent Sets of Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-81000" id="QQ2-26-81">Subsection LINM: Linear Independence and Nonsingular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-82000" id="QQ2-26-82">Subsection NSSLI: Null Spaces, Spans, Linear Independence</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-83000" id="QQ2-26-83">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-84000" id="QQ2-26-84">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li25.xml#x26-85000" id="QQ2-26-85">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li26.xml#x27-86000">Section LDS Linear Dependence and Spans</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li26.xml#x27-87000" id="QQ2-27-87">Subsection LDSS: Linearly Dependent Sets and Spans</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li26.xml#x27-88000" id="QQ2-27-88">Subsection COV: Casting Out Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li26.xml#x27-89000" id="QQ2-27-89">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li26.xml#x27-90000" id="QQ2-27-90">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li26.xml#x27-91000" id="QQ2-27-91">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-92000">Section O Orthogonality</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-93000" id="QQ2-28-93">Subsection CAV: Complex Arithmetic and Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-94000" id="QQ2-28-94">Subsection IP: Inner products</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-95000" id="QQ2-28-95">Subsection N: Norm</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-96000" id="QQ2-28-96">Subsection OV: Orthogonal Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-97000" id="QQ2-28-97">Subsection GSP: Gram-Schmidt Procedure</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-98000" id="QQ2-28-98">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.05li27.xml#x28-99000" id="QQ2-28-99">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
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