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   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x55-270000"></a>Chapter R&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Representations</h2>
<!--l. 433--><p class="noindent" ><a 
 id="chapter.R"></a> <a 
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</p><!--l. 10--><p class="indent" >   Previous work with linear transformations may have convinced you
that we can convert most questions about linear transformations into
questions about systems of equations or properties of subspaces of
<!--l. 10--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2102;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>. In
this section we begin to make these vague notions precise. We have used the word
&#x201C;representation&#x201D; prior, but it will get a heavy workout in this chapter. In
many ways, everything we have studied so far was in preparation for this
chapter.
</p>
   <div class="likesectionTOCS">
   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li55.xml#x56-271000">Section VR Vector Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li55.xml#x56-272000" id="QQ2-56-272">Subsection CVS: Characterization of Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li55.xml#x56-273000" id="QQ2-56-273">Subsection CP: Coordinatization Principle</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li55.xml#x56-275000" id="QQ2-56-275">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li55.xml#x56-276000" id="QQ2-56-276">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li55.xml#x56-277000" id="QQ2-56-277">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-278000">Section MR Matrix Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-279000" id="QQ2-57-279">Subsection NRFO: New Representations from Old</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-280000" id="QQ2-57-280">Subsection PMR: Properties of Matrix Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-281000" id="QQ2-57-281">Subsection IVLT: Invertible Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-282000" id="QQ2-57-282">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-283000" id="QQ2-57-283">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li56.xml#x57-284000" id="QQ2-57-284">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-285000">Section CB Change of Basis</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-286000" id="QQ2-58-286">Subsection EELT: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Linear
                                                                          

                                                                          
Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-287000" id="QQ2-58-287">Subsection CBM: Change-of-Basis Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-288000" id="QQ2-58-288">Subsection MRS: Matrix Representations and Similarity</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-289000" id="QQ2-58-289">Subsection CELT: Computing Eigenvectors of Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-290000" id="QQ2-58-290">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-291000" id="QQ2-58-291">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li57.xml#x58-292000" id="QQ2-58-292">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li58.xml#x59-293000">Section OD Orthonormal Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li58.xml#x59-294000" id="QQ2-59-294">Subsection TM: Triangular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li58.xml#x59-295000" id="QQ2-59-295">Subsection UTMR: Upper Triangular Matrix Representation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li58.xml#x59-296000" id="QQ2-59-296">Subsection NM: Normal Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li58.xml#x59-297000" id="QQ2-59-297">Subsection OD: Orthonormal Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li59.xml#x60-298000">Section NLT Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li59.xml#x60-299000" id="QQ2-60-299">Subsection NLT: Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li59.xml#x60-300000" id="QQ2-60-300">Subsection PNLT: Properties of Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li59.xml#x60-301000" id="QQ2-60-301">Subsection CFNLT: Canonical Form for Nilpotent Linear
Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li60.xml#x61-302000">Section IS Invariant Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li60.xml#x61-303000" id="QQ2-61-303">Subsection IS: Invariant Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li60.xml#x61-304000" id="QQ2-61-304">Subsection GEE: Generalized Eigenvectors and Eigenspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li60.xml#x61-305000" id="QQ2-61-305">Subsection RLT: Restrictions of Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li61.xml#x62-306000">Section JCF Jordan Canonical Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li61.xml#x62-307000" id="QQ2-62-307">Subsection GESD: Generalized Eigenspace Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li61.xml#x62-308000" id="QQ2-62-308">Subsection JCF: Jordan Canonical Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.21li61.xml#x62-309000" id="QQ2-62-309">Subsection CHT: Cayley-Hamilton Theorem</a></span>
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