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   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x55-277000"></a>Chapter R&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Representations</h2>
<!--l. 441--><p class="noindent" ><a 
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</p><!--l. 10--><p class="indent" >   Previous work with linear transformations may have convinced you
that we can convert most questions about linear transformations into
questions about systems of equations or properties of subspaces of
<!--l. 10--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2102;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>. In
this section we begin to make these vague notions precise. We have used the word
&#x201C;representation&#x201D; prior, but it will get a heavy workout in this chapter. In
many ways, everything we have studied so far was in preparation for this
chapter.
</p>
   <div class="likesectionTOCS">
   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-278000">Section VR Vector Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-279000" id="QQ2-56-279">Subsection CVS: Characterization of Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-280000" id="QQ2-56-280">Subsection CP: Coordinatization Principle</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-282000" id="QQ2-56-282">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-283000" id="QQ2-56-283">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-284000" id="QQ2-56-284">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-285000">Section MR Matrix Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-286000" id="QQ2-57-286">Subsection NRFO: New Representations from Old</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-287000" id="QQ2-57-287">Subsection PMR: Properties of Matrix Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-288000" id="QQ2-57-288">Subsection IVLT: Invertible Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-289000" id="QQ2-57-289">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-290000" id="QQ2-57-290">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-291000" id="QQ2-57-291">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-292000">Section CB Change of Basis</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-293000" id="QQ2-58-293">Subsection EELT: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Linear
                                                                          

                                                                          
Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-294000" id="QQ2-58-294">Subsection CBM: Change-of-Basis Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-295000" id="QQ2-58-295">Subsection MRS: Matrix Representations and Similarity</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-296000" id="QQ2-58-296">Subsection CELT: Computing Eigenvectors of Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-297000" id="QQ2-58-297">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-298000" id="QQ2-58-298">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-299000" id="QQ2-58-299">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li58.xml#x59-300000">Section OD Orthonormal Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li58.xml#x59-301000" id="QQ2-59-301">Subsection TM: Triangular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li58.xml#x59-302000" id="QQ2-59-302">Subsection UTMR: Upper Triangular Matrix Representation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li58.xml#x59-303000" id="QQ2-59-303">Subsection NM: Normal Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li58.xml#x59-304000" id="QQ2-59-304">Subsection OD: Orthonormal Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li59.xml#x60-305000">Section NLT Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li59.xml#x60-306000" id="QQ2-60-306">Subsection NLT: Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li59.xml#x60-307000" id="QQ2-60-307">Subsection PNLT: Properties of Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li59.xml#x60-308000" id="QQ2-60-308">Subsection CFNLT: Canonical Form for Nilpotent Linear
Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li60.xml#x61-309000">Section IS Invariant Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li60.xml#x61-310000" id="QQ2-61-310">Subsection IS: Invariant Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li60.xml#x61-311000" id="QQ2-61-311">Subsection GEE: Generalized Eigenvectors and Eigenspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li60.xml#x61-312000" id="QQ2-61-312">Subsection RLT: Restrictions of Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li61.xml#x62-313000">Section JCF Jordan Canonical Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li61.xml#x62-314000" id="QQ2-62-314">Subsection GESD: Generalized Eigenspace Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li61.xml#x62-315000" id="QQ2-62-315">Subsection JCF: Jordan Canonical Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li61.xml#x62-316000" id="QQ2-62-316">Subsection CHT: Cayley-Hamilton Theorem</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li61.xml#x62-317000" id="QQ2-62-317">Annotated Acronyms R: Representations</a></span>
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