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   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x10-9000"></a>Notation</h2>
<a 
 id="x10-9000doc"></a>
<!--l. 256--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmbx-12x-x-207">Notation</span>
</p><!--l. 1--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.M">M <!--l. 1--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>A</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.MC">MC <!--l. 2--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="[" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>j</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix
Components</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.CV">CV <!--l. 3--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>v</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Column
Vector</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.CVC">CVC <!--l. 4--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="[" ><mrow><mi 
>v</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Column
Vector Components</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.ZCV">ZCV <!--l. 5--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mn>0</mn></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Zero
Column Vector</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.LSMR">LSMR <!--l. 6--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">&#x2112;</mi><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">S</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo> <mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;
Matrix Representation of a Linear System</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.AM">AM <!--l. 7--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="[" ><mrow><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi> <mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced><mi 
>b</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Augmented
Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.RO">RO <!--l. 8--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>R</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi></mrow></msub 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2194;</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>R</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>j</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
<!--l. 8--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>R</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
<!--l. 8--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>R</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi></mrow></msub 
> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <msub><mrow 
><mi 
>R</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>j</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Row
Operations</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li18.xml#notation.RREFA">RREFA <!--l. 9--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi></math>,
<!--l. 9--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>D</mi></math>,
                                                                          

                                                                          
<!--l. 9--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>F</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Reduced
Row-Echelon Form Analysis</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li20.xml#notation.NSM">NSM <!--l. 10--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">N</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Null
Space of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li21.xml#notation.IM">IM <!--l. 11--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>I</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Identity
Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li23.xml#notation.VSCV">VSCV <!--l. 12--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x2102;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Vector
Space of Column Vectors</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li23.xml#notation.CVE">CVE <!--l. 13--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>u</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>v</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Column
Vector Equality</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li23.xml#notation.CVA">CVA <!--l. 14--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>u</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>v</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Column
Vector Addition</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li23.xml#notation.CVSM">CVSM <!--l. 15--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>u</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Column
Vector Scalar Multiplication</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li25.xml#notation.SSV">SSV <!--l. 16--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="&####x27E8;" ><mrow><mi 
>S</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Span
of a Set of Vectors</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li28.xml#notation.CCCV">CCCV <!--l. 17--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><span class="overline"><mi 
>u</mi></span></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Complex
Conjugate of a Column Vector</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li28.xml#notation.IP">IP <!--l. 18--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="&####x27E8;" ><mrow><mi 
>u</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo> <mi 
>v</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Inner
Product</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li28.xml#notation.NV">NV <!--l. 19--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2225;</mo><mi 
>v</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2225;</mo></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Norm
of a Vector</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li28.xml#notation.SUV">SUV <!--l. 20--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>e</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Standard
Unit Vectors</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.VSM">VSM <!--l. 21--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>M</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Vector
Space of Matrices</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.ME">ME <!--l. 22--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>A</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>B</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix
Equality</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.MA">MA <!--l. 23--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>A</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>B</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix
Addition</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.MSM">MSM <!--l. 24--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>A</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix
Scalar Multiplication</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.ZM">ZM <!--l. 25--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">O</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Zero
Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.TM">TM <!--l. 26--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>A</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>t</mi></mrow></msup 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Transpose
of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.CCM">CCM <!--l. 27--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><span class="overline"><mi 
>A</mi></span></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Complex
Conjugate of a Matrix</a>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li30.xml#notation.A">A <!--l. 28--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>A</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2217;</mo></mrow></msup 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Adjoint</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li31.xml#notation.MVP">MVP A<!--l. 29--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>u</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix-Vector
Product</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li32.xml#notation.MI">MI <!--l. 30--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>A</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix
Inverse</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li34.xml#notation.CSM">CSM <!--l. 31--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">C</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Column
Space of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li34.xml#notation.RSM">RSM <!--l. 32--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">&#x211B;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Row
Space of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li35.xml#notation.LNS">LNS <!--l. 33--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">&#x2112;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Left
Null Space</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li41.xml#notation.D">D <!--l. 34--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mo class="qopname"> dim</mo><!--nolimits--> <mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>V</mi> <mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Dimension</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li41.xml#notation.NOM">NOM <!--l. 35--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Nullity
of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li41.xml#notation.ROM">ROM <!--l. 36--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Rank
of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li42.xml#notation.DS">DS <!--l. 37--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>V</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>U</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2295;</mo> <mi 
>W</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Direct
Sum</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li44.xml#notation.ELEM">ELEM <!--l. 38--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>E</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>j</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>,
<!--l. 38--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>E</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi></mrow></msub 
><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>,
<!--l. 38--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>E</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>i</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>j</mi></mrow></msub 
><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Elementary
Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li44.xml#notation.SM">SM <!--l. 39--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>i</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo><mi 
>j</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;SubMatrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li44.xml#notation.DM">DM <!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mo class="qopname"> det</mo> <mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>,
<!--l. 40--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="|" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Determinant
of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li51.xml#notation.LT">LT <!--l. 41--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>T</mi> <mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>a</mi><mi 
>t</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>p</mi><mi 
>u</mi><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>c</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>U</mi><mi 
>&#x21A6;</mi><mi 
>V</mi> </math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Linear
Transformation</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li52.xml#notation.KLT">KLT <!--l. 42--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">K</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>T</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Kernel
of a Linear Transformation</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li53.xml#notation.RLT">RLT <!--l. 43--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">&#x211B;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>T</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Range
of a Linear Transformation</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li54.xml#notation.ROLT">ROLT <!--l. 44--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>T</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Rank
of a Linear Transformation</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li54.xml#notation.NOLT">NOLT <!--l. 45--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>n</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>T</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Nullity
of a Linear Transformation</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li56.xml#notation.VR">VR <!--l. 46--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03C1;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>B</mi></mrow></msub 
><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>w</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Vector
Representation</a>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li57.xml#notation.MR">MR <!--l. 47--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msubsup><mrow 
><mi 
>M</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>B</mi><mo 
class="MathClass-punc">,</mo><mi 
>C</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>T</mi> </mrow></msubsup 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Matrix
Representation</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li60.xml#notation.JB">JB <!--l. 48--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>J</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Jordan
Block</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li61.xml#notation.GES">GES <!--l. 49--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
mathvariant="bold-script">G</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>T</mi> </mrow></msub 
><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Generalized
Eigenspace</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li61.xml#notation.LTR">LTR <!--l. 50--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>T</mi><msub><mrow 
><mo 
class="MathClass-rel">|</mo></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>U</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Linear
Transformation Restriction</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li61.xml#notation.IE">IE <!--l. 51--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>&#x03B9;</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>T</mi> </mrow></msub 
><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>&#x03BB;</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Index
of an Eigenvalue</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li69.xml#notation.CNE">CNE <!--l. 52--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Complex
Number Equality</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li69.xml#notation.CNA">CNA <!--l. 53--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">+</mo> <mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Complex
Number Addition</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li69.xml#notation.CNM">CNM <!--l. 54--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x03B1;</mi><mi 
>&#x03B2;</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Complex
Number Multiplication</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li69.xml#notation.CCN">CCN <!--l. 55--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><span class="overline"><mi 
>c</mi></span></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Conjugate
of a Complex Number</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.SETM">SETM <!--l. 56--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>x</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2208;</mo> <mi 
>S</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Set
Membership</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.SSET">SSET <!--l. 57--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>S</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">&#x2286;</mo> <mi 
>T</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Subset</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.ES">ES <!--l. 58--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x2205;</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Empty
Set</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.SE">SE <!--l. 59--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>S</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-rel">=</mo> <mi 
>T</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Set
Equality</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.C">C <!--l. 60--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="|" ><mrow><mi 
>S</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Cardinality</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.SU">SU <!--l. 61--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>S</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x222A;</mo> <mi 
>T</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Set
Union</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.SI">SI <!--l. 62--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>S</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2229;</mo> <mi 
>T</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Set
Intersection</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li70.xml#notation.SC">SC <!--l. 63--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><span class="overline"><mi 
>S</mi></span></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Set
Complement</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li100.xml#notation.T">T <!--l. 64--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>t</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>l</mi><mi 
>e</mi><mi 
>f</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" ><mrow><mi 
>A</mi><mi 
>&#x00F8;</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mi 
>r</mi><mi 
>i</mi><mi 
>g</mi><mi 
>h</mi><mi 
>t</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">:</mo> <mo 
class="MathClass-punc">.</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Trace</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li101.xml#notation.HP">HP <!--l. 65--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mi 
>A</mi> <mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2218;</mo> <mi 
>B</mi></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Hadamard
Product</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li101.xml#notation.HID">HID <!--l. 66--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msub><mrow 
><mi 
>J</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mi 
>m</mi><mi 
>n</mi></mrow></msub 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Hadamard
Identity</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li101.xml#notation.HI">HI <!--l. 67--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><mover 
accent="false"><mrow 
><mi 
>A</mi></mrow><mo 
class="MathClass-op">&#x0302;</mo></mover></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Hadamard
                                                                          

                                                                          
Inverse</a>
<br class="newline" /><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.35li108.xml#notation.SRM">SRM <!--l. 68--><math 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" ><msup><mrow 
><mi 
>A</mi></mrow><mrow 
><mn>1</mn><mo 
class="MathClass-bin">&#x2215;</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup 
></math>&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Square
Root of a Matrix</a>
<br class="newline" />
                                                                          

                                                                          
</p>
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