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   <!--l. 374--><div class="crosslinks"><p class="noindent">[<a 
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   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
 id="x36-148000"></a>Chapter VS&#x00A0;&#x00A0;Vector Spaces</h2>
<!--l. 374--><p class="noindent"><a 
 id="chapter.VS"></a> <a 
 id="x36-148000doc"></a><a 
 id="dx36-148001"></a>
</p><!--l. 10--><p class="indent">   We now have a computational toolkit in place and so we can begin our study
of linear algebra in a more theoretical style.
</p><!--l. 12--><p class="indent">   Linear algebra is the study of two fundamental objects, vector spaces and
linear transformations (see <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li49.xml#chapter.LT">Chapter&#x00A0;LT</a>). This chapter will focus on the former.
The power of mathematics is often derived from generalizing many different
situations into one abstract formulation, and that is exactly what we will be doing
throughout this chapter.
</p>
   <div class="likesectionTOCS">
   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-149000">Section VS Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-150000" id="QQ2-37-150">Subsection VS: Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-151000" id="QQ2-37-151">Subsection EVS: Examples of Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-152000" id="QQ2-37-152">Subsection VSP: Vector Space Properties</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-153000" id="QQ2-37-153">Subsection RD: Recycling Definitions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-154000" id="QQ2-37-154">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-155000" id="QQ2-37-155">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li36.xml#x37-156000" id="QQ2-37-156">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-157000">Section S Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-158000" id="QQ2-38-158">Subsection TS: Testing Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-159000" id="QQ2-38-159">Subsection TSS: The Span of a Set</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-160000" id="QQ2-38-160">Subsection SC: Subspace Constructions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-161000" id="QQ2-38-161">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-162000" id="QQ2-38-162">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li37.xml#x38-163000" id="QQ2-38-163">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-164000">Section LISS Linear Independence and Spanning Sets</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-165000" id="QQ2-39-165">Subsection LI: Linear Independence</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-166000" id="QQ2-39-166">Subsection SS: Spanning Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-167000" id="QQ2-39-167">Subsection VR: Vector Representation</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-168000" id="QQ2-39-168">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-169000" id="QQ2-39-169">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li38.xml#x39-170000" id="QQ2-39-170">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-171000">Section B Bases</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-172000" id="QQ2-40-172">Subsection B: Bases</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-173000" id="QQ2-40-173">Subsection BSCV: Bases for Spans of Column Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-174000" id="QQ2-40-174">Subsection BNM: Bases and Nonsingular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-175000" id="QQ2-40-175">Subsection OBC: Orthonormal Bases and Coordinates</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-176000" id="QQ2-40-176">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-177000" id="QQ2-40-177">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li39.xml#x40-178000" id="QQ2-40-178">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-179000">Section D Dimension</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-180000" id="QQ2-41-180">Subsection D: Dimension</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-181000" id="QQ2-41-181">Subsection DVS: Dimension of Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-182000" id="QQ2-41-182">Subsection RNM: Rank and Nullity of a Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-183000" id="QQ2-41-183">Subsection RNNM: Rank and Nullity of a Nonsingular Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-184000" id="QQ2-41-184">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-185000" id="QQ2-41-185">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li40.xml#x41-186000" id="QQ2-41-186">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-187000">Section PD Properties of Dimension</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-188000" id="QQ2-42-188">Subsection GT: Goldilocks&#x2019; Theorem</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-189000" id="QQ2-42-189">Subsection RT: Ranks and Transposes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-190000" id="QQ2-42-190">Subsection DFS: Dimension of Four Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-191000" id="QQ2-42-191">Subsection DS: Direct Sums</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-192000" id="QQ2-42-192">Subsection READ: Reading Questions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-193000" id="QQ2-42-193">Subsection EXC: Exercises</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;&#x00A0;<span class="likesubsectionToc"><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.08li41.xml#x42-194000" id="QQ2-42-194">Subsection SOL: Solutions</a></span>
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